Технологический лицей.

GRAMMAR SUPPORT

Пособие по грамматике английского языка
с упражнениями

составитель – Носова Светлана Валерьевна
учитель английского языка ТхЛ

Сыктывкар  2006

Содержание                                                       Contence

1.	Артикль                                                         The Article
2.	Множ.число существительных                 The Plural of Nouns
3.	Местоимение                                                 The Pronoun
4.	Прилагательное                                            The Adjective
5.	Прилагательное (степени сравнения)      The Adjective (degrees of comparison) 
6.	Глагол (активный залог)                            The Verb (active voice)
7.	Глагол (пассивный залог)                           The Verb (passive voice)
8.	Косвенная речь                                              Reported Speech
9.	Условные предложения                               Conditional Clauses
10.	Инфинитивный оборот                                Infinitive Constructions
11.	Союзы и предлоги                                         Conjunctions and Prepositions

The Article.

A/an.- неопределенный артикль употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда предмет или явление упоминается впервые, в общем или неопределенном смысле.

The - определенный артикль всегда указывает на то, что имеется в виду определенный предмет или явление.

Артикли не употребляются с именами собственными:
-	имена людей, клички животных, (John, Mr. Brown, Pussy),
-	названия небесных тел, (Venus, Jupiter, but the Sun, the Moon, the Earth),
-	названия континентов, островов, гор, озер, (Europe, Asia, Lake Baikal, Jamaica, Mount Everest, but the Great Lakes, the Urals),
-	названия стран, (Russia, England, but the USA, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands),
-	названия городов, улиц, зданий. ( Moscow, London, Oxford Street, Buckingham Palace, but the Tower of London, the British Museum, the Bolshoi Theatre).
(See Reference Grammar)

Ex.1.
1.Would you like to be … doctor? 2. … Moon goes round … Earth every 27 days. 3. I don’t like to listen to … radio. 4. It was … beautiful day, … sun was shining brightly in … sky. 5. Robin Hood robbed … rich and gave money to … poor. 6. Rita is studying … English for … first year. 7. Please, give me … cup of coffee with … sugar and … milk. 8 John goes to … school this year. 9. … Lake Erie is one of … Great Lakes in … America. 10. On their trip to … Canada they crossed … Atlantic Ocean. 11. We play … basketball and … football at … school. 12. What is … highest mountain in … world? 13. My brother entered … Moscow University. 14. Many boys in our class learn to play … guitar.

Ex.2 
1.They lived in … new house in … centre of … town. 2. Would you like … orange? 3. I went to … shop to buy … sugar, … bread and … milk. 4. Could you close … window, please? 5. He went out to … lunch at 12 o’clock. 6. It’s … second line at … top of … page. 7. Could you bring me … cake and … cup of tea? 8. … passengers for … flight 230 for … London please go to … gate five. 9. After … lunch we went for … walk by … sea. 10. After … accident … driver of … car was not hurt. 11. I think … apples are good for you. 12. … women are often better teachers than … men. 13. … United States  of America consists of 50 states. 14. Do you collect … stamps? 

Ex.3.
1.This trip costs … lot of money. 2. … Volga flows to … Caspian sea. 3. I think, you are telling … lie. 4. We get tea mostly from … China and … Ceylon. 5. Have … look at … sky, it looks like rain. 6. Where are … British Isles situated? 7. I like to stay at … home in … cold weather. 8. Christmas is on … 24th of December. 9. He lives in … north of … Africa. 10. … Panama Canal connects … Atlantic and … Pacific oceans.

Plural of Nouns.

Множественное число существительных образуется при помощи окончания –s, -es (bus – buses, pen – pens, leaf – leaves, hero – heroes). 

Исключения: child- children, ox – oxen, man – men, tooth – teeth, goose – geese, foot – feet, mouse – mice, maid – maiden, datum – data, phenomenon – phenomena.

Всегда в ед. числе: news, hair.
             во множ. числе: spectacles, trousers, scissors.
 И в ед. и во множ. числе: sheep, deer, means, series, species.

(See Reference Grammar).

Ex.1. Give the plural of nouns if possible.

Window, bus, brush, photo, hero, Negro, match, glass, church, loaf, leaf, wife, chief, thief, cliffs, roof, monkey, fly, fox, ox, deer, goose, sheep, postman, manservant, woman–teacher, man-of-war, forget-me-not, merry-go-round.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets and put the noun in the proper form.

1.You should hide the (knife) from (child). 2. Economic (crisis) took place in many (countries). 3. The scientists studied the (datum) of the biological (analysis) and discovered some new phenomenon). 4. Her (son-in-law) are very nice (person). 5. The (passer-by) looked very busy. 6. These (child) have problems with their (tooth). 7. The company bought a lot of (furniture) for their (office). 8. Those (lady) bought three (kilo) of (tomato) and a lot of (potato). 9. You must eat more (fruit). 10. She gave the dog (fish).

The Pronoun.

+ some
-,? any           thing, body, one, where
+/- no         
                                     
some- употребляется в утвердительных предложениях.
Any- в вопросительных и отрицательных по форме и по смыслу, а также вместо some в просьбах, выраженных вопросом, в утвердительных предложениях в значении “любой”.
No- в отрицательных по смыслу предложениях.
(See Reference Grammar)

Ex.1. Complete the sentences with some or any.
1.We didn’t buy … flowers. 2. This evening I’m going out with … friends of mine. 3. Have you seen … good films recently? 4. I didn’t have … money, so I had to borrow … . 5. Can I have … milk in my coffee, please? 6. I was too tired to do … work. 7. Can you give me … information about the sights of this town?                            

Ex. 2. Use some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
1. I was too surprised to say … . 2. There’s … at the door. 3. Does … mind if I open the window? 4. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat … . 5. Would you like … to eat? 6. Sally was upset with … and refused to talk to … . 7. Do you live … near Jim? 8. We slept in a park because we didn’t have … to stay.      

Ex.3. Use no- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
1. I don’t want … to drink. 2. The bus was empty, there was … on it. 3. Where did you go for a holiday? - … . I stayed at home. 4. I went to the shop but I couldn’t buy … . 5. The town is the same as it was many years ago. … has changed. 6. There was silence in the room. … said … .                                

The Adjective.
Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty.

Мы используем much, little с неисчисляемыми существительными,
                            many, few с исчисляемыми существительными,
                          a lot, lots of, plenty с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми.
      e.g.: much snow, a lot of time, little money, plenty of energy
              many people, lots of friends, few cars, plenty of ideas

a lots of/ lot of = much/many,  plenty = more than enough
little = not much, few = not many
a little/ a few = some, a bit
      e.g.: He has few friends. He is not popular.
              He has a few friends in our town and he visits them when he comes here.

Ex. 1.
1.	He isn’t very popular. He has few friends.
2.	Ann is very busy these days. She has _____ free time.
3.	Did you take _____ pictures when you were on holidays?
4.	I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got _____ to do.
5.	The museum was very crowded. There were too _____ people.
6.	Most of the town is modern. There are _____ old buildings.
7.	The weather has been very dry recently. We’d had ______ rain.
8.	Do you mind if I ask you _______ questions?
9.	This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so _____ tourists come here.
10.	 I don’t think she would be a good teacher, she’s got ______ patience.
11.	Have you ever been to Paris? – Yes, I’ve been there _____ times.
12.	 I’m sure you will find somewhere to stay, there are _____ hotels in the town.  

Степени сравнения прилагательных (и наречий).

Односложные 
big 
wide 
happy 
clever	Сравнительная 
bigger 
wider 
happier 
cleverer	Превосходная 
the biggest 
the widest 
the happiest 
the cleverest	
Многосложные 
famous	
more famous	
the most famous	

Исключения:
good 
bad 
far	better 
worse 
farther 
further	the best 
the worst 
the farthest 
	
many 
more 
few 
little	more 

less	most 

least	

В превосходной степени прилагательные употребляются с определенным артиклем, а наречия без артикля.
(See Reference Grammar).
Сравнение при помощи …as … as (такой же как), not so … as (не такой как).
She is as old as my sister. Она такого же возраста как моя сестра.
He is not so good at tennis as my brother. Он не так хорошо играет в теннис, как мой брат.

Ex.
1. the problem was not so … as I thought.(difficult) 2. Camping is much … than staying at a hotel.(cheap) 3. Could you speak a bit … , please.(slowly) 4. My father drives … than you. (carefully) 5. I have to get up … this morning than usually.(early) 6. This girl is … in our class.(beautiful) 7. My room is … in our flat.(small) 8. Cambridge is one of … universities in Europe.(old) 9. If you get any … information, please send it to me as … as possible.(far, soon) 10. Her mother is … person I’ve ever known.(busy)11.She seemed to be … interested in our conversation.(little)12.We’ve just 
looked through … magazines.(late)13.Jerry is … footballer in the team.(good) 14. After her holidays at the seaside she looked rather … and … (healthy, beautiful) 15. He became much … than he was last year.(lazy) 16. He wants … work, … lectures at the college, but … pleasure.(little, few, much)

The Verb. Active voice.

	past	present	future	
simple	V-ed	V, V-s	shall 
will  +  V	
progressive	was
were + V-ing
	am
is    + V-ing
are	shall
will  + V-ing	
perfect	
had + V-3	have 
has   + V-3
	shall
will  + have  
            V-3              	
perfect progressive	had been + 
            V-ing	have 
has  been + 
             V-ing	shall
will   have + 
             V-ing	

See the functions of the tense forms in the Reference Grammar.

Ex.1 Put the verbs in the Present Simple or Present Progressive.
1. Tom usually (play) football but today he (play) tennis. 2. The professor (speak) five foreign languages. Right now he (speak) German. 3. I usually (drive) to my work. 4. I (do) a lot of work every day. 5. Be quiet. The photographer (watch) that bird. He (want) to take a picture. 6. What’s the name of the fruit you (eat) with such pleasure? 7. … you (remember) where he (work)? 8. She (not understand) what the teacher (explain). 9. She (say) now she (love) him very much. 10. I (feel) Nick (want) to know where you (live) now.

Ex.2 Future or Present Simple.
1. I (go) and see Venice as soon as I (reach) Italy. 2. If the sun (be) red, it is the sign that we (have) a fine day tomorrow. 3. I believe the next mail (bring) better news from home. 4. I think he (not know) when Jack (return). 5. He (become) a doctor when he (grow) up. 6. If things get worse, I (lose) my job. 

Ex.3 Future simple or Present Continuous.
1. Where … you (go) for your next holidays? 2. I (give) you a lift to work tomorrow if you like. 3. We (have) a party tomorrow night. … you (come)? 4. He says he (meet) us at the bus stop. 5. He (leave) for London tomorrow night. 6. … you (do) anything special tomorrow? – Yes, my cousins (come) and I (show) them round the town.    

Ex.4 Past Simple or Past Progressive.
1. I (sit) on the bench for half an hour and then (begin) reading a book. 2. You (see) him this morning? – Yes. He (stand) in the hall laughing. 3. He (come) in and (see) Nelly who (draw) a strange picture. 4. I (not understand) what Mr. Green (do). 5. When it (happen)? It (happen) when you (talk) to your secretary. 6. I (sit) in my garden yesterday, when the servant (come) and (say) that a visitor (wait) for me in the hall.

Ex.5 Past Simple or Present Perfect.
1. He (forget) his French since he (leave) Paris. 2. Years ago he (be) very poor, and (not know) how to live. He (become) very rich now. 3. I can reach my work easily now, as I (buy) a new car. 4. I (lose) my keys and cannot remember where I (see) them last. 5. He is a man who (live) a remarkable life. 6. – Yes, I (get) a message from him last night. 7. I (get) a fax from Boston an hour ago, but I (not answer) it yet. 8.  When you (get) this wonderful ring? – I don’t remember. I (have) it for years.   

Ex.6 Present Perfect or Present Perfect Progressive.
1. He (play) the piano since six o’clock in the morning. He only just (stop). 2 Why … you (not bring) me the letters? … you (not type) yet? 3. What … you (do) up to now? 4. The police (not find) the criminal yet. They (look) for him since Saturday. 5. What (happen) to the fridge? 6. I know him well. I (know) him since childhood. 7. Where … you (put) my keys? I can’t find them.

Ex.7 Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
1. My mother asked who (break) her vase. 2. … you ever (see) a flying saucer? 3. He looked at the girl and understood he (see) her somewhere before. 4. John is hungry because he (have) nothing to eat since morning. 5. They (buy) the apples in the market. 6. It (stop) raining and the sun is shining. 7. She said they (walk) 3 miles. 8. There (be) no mail since Friday.  

Ex.8 Past Simple or Past Perfect.
1. The house was very quiet when I (get) home. 2. We felt happier when they (leave). 3. She gave him the book the teacher (recommend). 4. They (finish) the translation by 5 o’clock. 5. At six o’clock he (know) they were not coming. 6. She (go on) with the story where her mother (stop). 7. By the time we (arrive), the party (finish). 8. Before we (take) Paul to the theatre, he never (see) a play on the stage.   

Ex.9 Present or Past, Simple or Progressive.
1.What language … they (speak) in Holland? 2 … you (remember) where he (work)? 3. I (sit) on the bench for half an hour and then (begin) reading a book. 4. He (come) in and (see) Nelly who (draw) a strange picture. 5. Nick and Fred (drive) along the road. 6. The businessman (fly) to England yesterday. 7. When … it (happen)? It (happen) when you (talk) to the secretary. 8. He (not like) to play while others (work).  

Passive Voice.

	past	present	future	
simple	was
were + V 3	am
is   + V 3
are	
will be + V 3	
progressive	was
were being  +
                 V 3	am
is   being  V 3
are		
perfect	
had been V 3	have
has been V 3	will have  
        been V 3	

See the functions of the tense forms in the Reference Grammar.

Ex.1. Choose the proper present passive form.
1. Papers (deliver) usually at 8 in the morning. 2. “What strange sounds!” – “Oh, our piano (tune). 3. Tea (serve) usually on the balcony in fine weather. 4. The witness (question) by 
the police-inspector now. 5. The old motor-way (use) by many people, but it is narrow, 
that’s why a new ring-road (build) in the city. 6. Our luggage (examine) at the Customs now. Any luggage going abroad (check) usually here. 7. We (give) a lot of advice by our parents. 8. All the contracts (sign) by the president. 9. You’ll have your copy soon, the contract (type) now.  

Ex.2. Choose the proper past passive form.
1. Many towns (destroy) by the earthquake in Japan last year. 2. The helicopter (construct) in Russia. 3. The pop-singers arrived at the airport and (welcome) by thousands of fans. Flowers (throw) at them all the way to the exit. 4. The exposition (open) when we drove up to the gallery. 5. I drove up to the shop after it (close). 6. They (award) the highest prize. 7. She watched TV while dinner (prepare).  

Test.
1.	We ______ by a loud noise during the night.
a)	woke up  b) are woken up  c) were woken up  d) were waking up
2.	There’s somebody behind us. I think we are ________ .
a)	following  b) being followed  c) followed  d) being following
3.	‘Where ______?’ – ‘In London’.
a)	were you born  b) are you born  c) have you been born  d) did you born
4.	The train ________ arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
a)	supposed to  b) is supposed to  c) was supposed to  d) is supposing to
5.	The football match _________ yesterday.
a)	cancelled  b) was cancelled  c) is canceling  d) is cancelled
  
Reported Speech.

1.	Личные и указательные местоимения изменяются по смыслу. 
2.	Форма глагола зависит от подлежащего. 
3.	Если слова автора в прошедшем времени, необходимо соблюдать согласование времен: 

Simple Present
Present Progressive
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Progressive
Simple Past
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Perfect	Simple Past
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect
Future-in-the-Past
Future-in-the Past Perfect	

4.	Если речь идет о общеизвестном факте или событии, или это событие все еще актуально, то время глагола в косвенной речи можно не изменять.
5.	Согласование времен влияет и на обстоятельства времени:

Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Two days ago
Last week
Next month	That day
The day before
The following day
Two days before
The week before
The following month	
6.	Порядок слов в косвенном вопросе меняется на прямой.
7.	Если в прямой речи содержится просьба или приказ, то в косвенной речи глагол заменяется инфинитивом.

Ex. 1.
1. Lucy:” He is my friend”. 2. Boris:” I was there myself”. 3. The girl:” We must be there in time”. 4. Mother:” He’ll never marry my daughter”. 5. The secretary:” He isn’t here at the moment”. 6. The boy:” I’m not like my brother”. 7. Mother:” You’ve torn your stocking”. 8. Ann:” I’m reading for my first exam now”. 9. The farther:” You don’t seem to realize you’ve grown up”. 10. The teacher:” He didn’t tell me anything”. 11. The grandmother:” You mustn’t say such things”. 12. The boy:” I’ll not be able to come”. 13. The old lady:” I liked him and always felt sorry for him”. 14. The father:” Don’t forget to lock the door!” 15. The witness:” He was passing by when it happened”. 

Ex.2.
1. The woman:” Who is this girl?” 2. The man:” What kind of job is this?” 3. The girl:” How did you get to know them?” 4. The director:” Who must do the job?” 5. The old lady:” Why are you crying?” 5. The policeman:” When did it happen?” 6. Nick:” Whom did you meet at the pictures?” 7. The postman:” Where do you live?” 8. The inspector:” How many exercises do you do at home?” 9. The mother:” Where have you been all this time?” 10. The lady:” What colour is your new hat?”

Ex. 3.
1. Charles said:” Ann has bought a new car.” 2. Tom said:” I want to go on holiday next week.” 3. I thought:” He is going to give up his job.” 4. She promised:” I’ll speak to the manager about you.” 5. Ann said:” I can type now.” 6. Nick told us:” I saw Jimmy at a party last week.” 

Ex. 4. 
1.	Could you tell me… (Where is the bank?)
2.	Have you any idea … (Where does Ann live?)
3.	Do you know … (Why doesn’t Tom come to the party?)
4.	Have you any idea … (When will your friends arrive?)
5.	Do you know … (Did he bring his sister to the party?)
6.	Could you tell me … (Do you often see her?)

Ex. 5.
1.	She asked me …(How old are you?)
2.	She wanted to know …(Where were you a few weeks ago?)
3.	He wondered … (Can you play the guitar?)
4.	He wanted to know …(How long have you been working in your present job?)
5.	She asked me …(Are you glad to meet your former classmates?)
6.	He wondered … (Will she arrive in two days?)

Ex.6.
1. “Read the instructions before you switch on the machine.” he said to me. 2. “Don’t come before 6 o’clock”, I said to him. 3. She said to us:” Shut the door but don’t lock it.” 4. She said to her friends:” Come and spend a holiday with me in the USA.” 5. The boy said to his dog:” Lie down, Jack!” 6. The teacher said to the student:” Write your work more carefully or I shan’t read it.” 7. The manager said to his secretary:” Don’t post this letter today. There is a mistake in it.” 8. “Could you bring me another cup of tea, please”, I said to the hostess. 9. The officer shouted to the soldiers:” Fire!” 10. Mother said to her son:” Please, don’t eat all the cake.”  

Условные предложения.

1.	Реальное условие – действие может произойти при определенных обстоятельствах. 
I’ll phone you if I learn his address. – я позвоню тебе, если узнаю его адрес.
I’ll phone you when I learn his address. – я позвоню тебе, когда узнаю его адрес.
Действие относится к будущему, но в предложениях с if и when употребляется Present Simple. 
Возможны также варианты:
Phone me if you learn his address.
Phone me when you learn his address.

2.	Нереальное условие – действие не могло произойти, так как не были соблюдены условия.
I would phone you if I knew his address. – я бы позвонил тебе, если бы знал его адрес. 
Ситуация относится к настоящему, но в предложении используются Future–in-the-Past и Past Simple после if.
e.g. Tom would read more if he had more time.
       It would be useful if you could drive a car.
       If I were you I wouldn’t do that.

3. В условных предложениях может использоваться глагол  ‘wish’ в значении ‘if’.                                            
Глагол после ‘wish’ стоит в прошедшем времени, но ситуация относится к настоящему.
e.g. I wish I knew his phone number.
       I wish I didn’t have to go there.
       I wish I had this book.
       Do you wish you could play the piano?

4.	Нереальное условие в прошлом – действие не могло произойти, так как не было 
условий. Ситуация относится к прошлому, в предложении используются Past Perfect и Future Perfect-in-the-Past. 
If I had known you were in the hospital I would have visited you.  

5.	В условных предложениях может использоваться выражение ‘in case’ в значении – в случае, если,
e.g. I’ll give you my phone number in case you need to contact  me.
       You can phone me at the hotel if you need to contact me.

       You should insure your car in case it is stolen.
        You should inform the police if your car is stolen. 

Ex. 1. Put the verbs into the right form. The sentences are about future.
1.	I … (phone) you when I … (get) home from work.
2.	I … (tell) you about that whet we … (return).
3.	Don’t worry if I …(be) late tonight.
4.	I … (be) surprised if she … (get) the job.
5.	When you …(see) him again you … (not recognise) him.
6.	We …(play) tennis tomorrow if the weather …(be) nice.
7.	If Tom …(phone) you this evening …(give) him the message.
8.	When I …(come) to Rome I … (visit) a friend of mine.

Ex. 2. Put the verb into the right form.
1.	If you took more exercise, you …(feel) better.
2.	I’d be very surprised if Amy …(refuse) to lend you money.
3.	If I sold my car I …(not get) much money for it.
4.	A lot of people would be out of work if the factory … (close) down.
5.	Liz …(be) very upset if I lost the key.
6.	Would Tim mind if I … (borrow) his bicycle without asking him?
7.	I …(not buy) this cost if I were you.
8.	I …(help) you if I could.
9.	We would need a car if we …(live) in the country.
10.	The soup would be tastier if it …(not be) so salty.
11.	If you …(not go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
12.	If there …(not be) so many cars, there …(not be) so much pollution.

Ex.3. Complete the sentences.
1.	If you took more exercise, …
2.	If I didn’t go to work tomorrow, …
3.	Would you go to the party if …
4.	If you bought some new clothes …
5.	Would you mind if …
6.	I’d feel very angry if…

Ex.4. Write sentences beginning ‘with wish’.
1.	I don’t know many people. (I’m lonely)___ I wish I knew more people._________
2.	I don’t have a key. (I must get in)          __________________________________
3.	Ann isn’t here. (I want to see her)         ___________________________________
4.	It’s cold. (I hate cold weather)               ___________________________________
5.	I live in a big city. (I don’t like it)         ___________________________________
6.	I can’t go to the party. (I want to go)     ___________________________________
7.	I have to work tomorrow. (It is weekend) _________________________________
8.	I can’t repair cars. (My car has broken down) ______________________________
9.	I’m not at the seaside. (And it’s a pity)  ___________________________________
10.	 It’s raining cats and dogs. (I’ve no umbrella) ______________________________

Ex.5. Put the verb into the correct form.
1.	I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I had known (know) I would have visited (visit) you.
2.	Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he (miss) it he (be) late for the interview.
3.	Thank you for reminding me about Ann’s birthday. I (forget) if you (not remind) me.
4.	Unfortunately, I didn’t have your address. If I (have) it I (send) you a postcard.
5.	We had a nice holiday, but we (enjoy) it more if the weather (be) better.
6.	I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was too thick  It (be) quicker if I (walk).
7.	I’m not tired. If I (be) tired, I’d go home now.
8.	I wasn’t tired last night. If I (be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.

     Ex.6. Put in in case or if.
      1. My granny might visit us this evening. I don’t want to go out … she comes. 2. You should call the police … something happens. 3. You can stay with us … you come to our town. 4. Write your name and address on your dog’s collar … you lose it. 5. Go to the lost property office … you lose something on the transport. 6. We pay for medical insurance going abroad … we get ill. 7. … you see Sarah tell her about the letter. 8. Take the umbrella … it rains. 9. Make the list of everything you need … you forget something.

Complex Subject.
(Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction).

Мы используем этот оборот, когда хотим сказать, что о ком-то или о чем-то говорят, думают, предполагают и т.д. что-то, что может оказаться неправдой.
e.g. She is said to work 16 hours a day. – Говорят, она работает 16 часов в день.
       The train is expected to come on time. – Ожидается, что поезд прибудет вовремя.
Сказуемое в таких предложениях стоит в форме пассива. Глаголы  to seem, to happen    в таких предложениях стоят в активе, также, можно использовать  выражения    to be likely/ unlikely  в значении вероятно/невероятно, to be sertain - несомненно, to be sure - наверняка.

Ex.1 Make the sentences with the Complex Subject.
1.	It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike is expected to end soon.
2.	It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is …
3.	It is believed that milk is very useful to children. Milk is …
4.	It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people are …
5.	It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. The prisoner …
6.	It is proved that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. The man …
7.	It seems that the building was badly damaged by fire. The building …
8.	It is likely that the company will lose much money this year. The company …
9.	We are sure that he will come soon. He is …
10.	 It happened that the car broke down on the way home. The car …

Conjunctions and prepositions.

Необходимо помнить, что союзы соединяют предложения, а предлоги ставятся перед частью предложения.

Despite/in spite of -             имеют схожее значение, но в речи используются  
Although/though -                по-разному
e.g.
Although the weather was bad, we enjoyed our rest.
Despite the weather we enjoyed our rest.

I couldn’t sleep, though I was very tired.
I couldn’t sleep in spite of being very tired.

Because/ because of – имеют противоположное значение,
сравните:
Although we left home late, we caught the train.
Because we left home late, we didn’t catch the train.

We went for a walk in spite of the rain.
We didn’t go for a walk because of the rain.

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences.
1. … my granny’s pension is rather low, she likes to travel. 2. I went home early, … I was feeling unwell. 3. I went to work the next day, … I was still ill. 5. He accepted the job … the salary, which was rather low. 6. She is looking for a job, … her unemployment benefit is low. 7. My grandfather doesn’t want to retire, … he would have free time for his hobbies. 8. The child didn’t eat anything … high temperature. 9. … he felt sick, he passed the exam. 10. Many people do not know their rights, … the system of social help is too complicated.

Ex.2. Make one sentence from two.
0.	I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. – I couldn’t sleep despite being tired.
1.	Their salary is small. They are happy. – Despite 
2.	My foot was injured. I walked to the nearest village. – Although
3.	I enjoyed the play. The story was silly. - …in spite of
4.	My aunts live in the same street. They hardly ever see each other. – Despite
5.	The doctor advised me to stay in bed. I was very ill. - …because
6.	The medicine was very good. It didn’t help. - Although 

Сравнения при помощи like / as.
Like – предлог “как”, as – и предлог, и союз, имеющие сходное значение.
E.g. As the manager, he has to make important decisions. – Как менеджер (в качестве менеджера) он должен принимать важные решения.
Like the manager, the assistant manager also has to make important decisions. – Так же как менеджер, помощник менеджера тоже должен принимать важные решения.

You should do it like this. – Ты должен делать это вот так.
You should do it as I told you. – Ты должен делать как я сказал. ( as - союз)

Ex.3. Put in like or as.
1. Your English is very good. I wish I could speak … you. 2. You can do … you like. 
3. I wish I had a car … yours. 4. It is not officially. You can go … you are. 5. My uncle is a collectioner. His house is … a museum. 6. My sister has been working … a waitress for the last two months. 7. On holidays we did many interesting things … swimming, sailing and windsurfing. 8.  I don’t know anyone … you. 9. There are too many bedrooms in our house, so we use one of them … a study. 10. … her father, she has a very good voice. 11. That news came … a complete surprise to me. 12. This house is good … a summer cottage, but I wouldn’t like to live here in winter.

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